Framing Exercise

1. 
   

1. Vaccines cause Autism vs. Vaccines do not cause Autism
2. Taylor H, Jamie P, Kaitlin D, Anthony B, Edith G

2.Articles Correlating Vacines to Autism

1. (a) Jamie Park, (b) “Fraud at the CDC uncovered, 340% risk of autism hidden from public” (c) CNN iReport (d) http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1164794
2. (a) Jamie Park, (b) “Scientists fear MMR link to autism” (c) Daily Mail (d) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-388051/Scientists-fear-MMR-link-autism.html
3. (a) Edith Gonzalez (b) Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis (c) NCBI (d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058170
4. (a) Edith Gonzalez (b) 30 Scientific Studies Showing the Link between Vaccines and Autism (c) Health Impact News (d) https://healthimpactnews.com/2013/30-scientific-studies-showing-the-link-between-vaccines-and-autism/
5. (a)Anthony Brigante (b)”Vaccines: Elimination Mandatory!” (c)Age of Autism (d)http://www.ageofautism.com/2016/09/vaccines-elimination-mandatory.html
6. (a)Anthony Brigante (b)”The Big Vaccine Conspiracy: Documents Confirm That Vaccines Cause Autism” (c)Vaccines.news (d)http://www.vaccines.news/2016-02-16-the-big-vaccine-conspiracy-secret-documents-confirm-vaccines-cause-autism.html
7. (a)Taylor Heagler (b) “Scientists fear MMR link to autism”  (c)Daily Mail (d) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-388051/Scientists-fear-MMR-link-autism.html
8. (A)Taylor Heagler, (b) “Controversial New Film Claims CDC Hid Data Linking Vaccines and Autism” (c)Insider Fox News (d)http://insider.foxnews.com/2016/04/21/controversial-new-film-vaxxed-claims-cdc-hid-data-linking-vaccines-and-autism
9. Kaitlin Dennis (b) “Vaccines DO Cause Autism-Undeniable Scientific Proof” (c) Anti-Vaccine Scientific Support Arsenal (d) https://avscientificsupportarsenal.wordpress.com/2015/04/29/vaccines-do-cause-autism-undeniable-scientific-proof/
10. (A)Taylor Heagler, (b) “Controversial New Film Claims CDC Hid Data Linking Vaccines and Autism” (c)Insider Fox News (d)http://insider.foxnews.com/2016/04/21/controversial-new-film-vaxxed-claims-cdc-hid-data-linking-vaccines-and-autism

Articles Stating No Correlation Between Vaccines and Autism

1. (a)Anthony Brigante (b)”Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism” (c) Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (d) http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html
2. (a)Anthony Brigante (b)”Pediatricians Inject Science Reason and Tough Love to Fight Vaccine ‘Hesitancy’(c)philly.com (d)http://www.philly.com/philly/health/kidshealth/20160905_Pediatricians_inject_science__reason__and_tough_love_to_fight_vaccine__quot_hesitancy_quot_.html
3. (a)Taylor Heagler (b) “A Discredited Vaccine Study’s Continuing Impact on Public Health”  (c)New York Times (d)http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/us/a-discredited-vaccine-studys-continuing-impact-on-public-health.html?_r=02.
4. (a) Taylor Heagler (b) “Autism Speaks debunks vaccination myth” (c)ABC Action News (d)http://www.abcactionnews.com/news/hillsborough-regional-news/autism-speaks-debunks-vaccination-myth
5. (a) Jamie Park, (b) “Another study finds no link between MMR vaccine and autism” (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/22/health/mmr-vaccine-autism-study/
6. (a) Jamie Park, (b) “A Discredited Vaccine Study’s Continuing Impact on Public Health (c) New York Times (d) http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/02/us/a-discredited-vaccine-studys-continuing-impact-on-public-health.html?_r=0
7. (a) Edith Gonzalez (b) Half Of Americans Believe In Medical Conspiracy Theories(c) NPR (d) http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/03/19/291405689/half-of-americans-believe-in-medical-conspiracy-theories
8. (a) Edith Gonzalez (b) DA Who Said Vaccines Cause Autism Has More To Say And He Is Still Wrong (c) Forbes (d) http://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2016/08/31/da-who-said-vaccines-cause-autism-has-more-to-say-and-he-is-still-wrong/#15b5e234bb1e
9. (a) Edith Gonzalez (b) DA Who Said Vaccines Cause Autism Has More To Say And He Is Still Wrong (c) Forbes (d) http://www.forbes.com/sites/emilywillingham/2016/08/31/da-who-said-vaccines-cause-autism-has-more-to-say-and-he-is-still-wrong/#15b5e234bb1e
10. (a) Kaitlin Dennis (b) “Vaccines & Autism” (c) Science Based Medicine (d) https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/reference/vaccines-and-autism/
11. (a)Kaitlin Dennis (b)“How My Daughter Taught Me that Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism” (c) Voices For Vaccines (e)http://www.voicesforvaccines.org/how-my-daughter-taught-me-that-vaccines-do-not-cause-autism/
12. (a)Kaitlin Dennis (b) “Autism” (c) Think Twice Global Vaccine Institute (d) http://www.thinktwice.com/autism.htm

3. Those that believe vaccines do not cause autism back up their arguments with scientific data, correlated studies, and the opinions of medical professionals. Those that believe vaccines do cause autism often spotlight personal, individual stories (i.e. “my child developed autism after receiving vaccines”), cite pseudoscientific “conspiracy theories,” and rely on discredited scientific studies that support their beliefs.

4. Authority: Both sides quote doctors and other medical professionals.

Social proof: The benefits of vaccines are so widely accepted and proven that many people don’t even question receiving them.

Liking: Anti-vaxxer blogs and articles that we found were often written from personal perspectives, so when people read them they have an emotional response and feel like they can relate to another parent vs. a doctor presenting cold facts.

Descriptive norms: Anti-vaxxers see that others are not vaccinating their children and feel validated in their decision to not vaccinate as well.

Injunctive norms: People that are in favor of vaccinations believe in the idea of “herd immunity” and social responsibility to vaccinate themselves and their families to prevent outbreaks of preventable diseases.

5. The pro-vaccination camp looks at the bigger picture and sees their actions as beneficial to themselves and society as a whole, while anti-vaxxers see vaccination as a personal choice about their family’s health.

6. A neutrally framed article on the vaccination and autism issue would cite several sources, present both sides of the argument, and use quotes from authorities on the subject.          

1) "Religious Freedom" vs. "Religious Discrimination" 

- Duncan Gallagher
- Ofelia Alvarenga
- Mark Alison
- Darian McBrauyer 

2)

 Religious Discrimination Articles

(a) Duncan (b) “Township Saw a Zoning Issue. The Justice Dept. Saw Religious Discrimination” (c) The New York Times (d)  http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/08/us/politics/township-saw-a-zoning-issue-the-justice-dept-saw-religious-discrimination.html

(a) Duncan (b) “Indonesia Religious Discrimination Harms Education Rights” (c) Human Rights Watch (d) https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/08/29/indonesia-religious-discrimination-harms-education-rights

(a) Ofelia (b) Religious Freedom Claims Are A Fraud (c) The Huffington Post (d) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/religious-freedom-claims-are-a-fraud_us_57a1cdd2e4b00e7e26a090f5

(a) Ofelia (b)Teaching Evolution Isn't About Changing Beliefs (c) Education Week (d)http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/04/20/teaching-evolution-isnt-about-changing-beliefs.html

(a) Darian (b) French Riviera City Bans Specialty Swimsuit For Muslim Women  (c) NPR (d) http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/12/489777580/french-resort-city-bans-muslim-bathing-suit

(a) Darian (b) Court rules British Christian has right to wear cross at work (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/15/world/europe/uk-christian-lawsuit/index.html

(a) Mark Alison, (b) Tennessee votes Prejudice, and Discrimination, Huffington Post (d) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karen-l-pollock/tenessee-votes-for-prejud_b_9736408.html

(a) Mark Alison, (b) Target Says Transgender People Can Use The Bathroom That Fits Their Gender Identity (c) Huffington Post (d) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/target-transgender-bathrooms_us_5716ad32e4b0018f9cbb8593

 Religious Freedom Article

(a) Duncan (b) “Meet 10 Americans Helped By Religious Freedom Bills Like Indiana’s” (c) The Federalist (d) http://thefederalist.com/2015/03/30/meet-10-americans-helped-by-religious-freedom-bills-like-indianas/

(a) Duncan (b) “Hobby Lobby Founder: Clinton Is A Frightening Prospect For Religious Freedom“ (c) Western Journalism (d) http://www.westernjournalism.com/hobby-lobby-founder-clinton-is-a-frightening-prospect-for-religious-freedom/

(a) Ofelia (b) Bathroom Bills and Religious Freedom Laws: Losing Battles for the GOP  (c) U.S.news.com (d) www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/bathroom-bills-and-religious-freedom-laws-losing-battles-for-the-gop

(a) Ofelia (b) Are US businesses doing enough to support religious diversity in the workplace? (c) The Guardian.com (d) https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jan/28/religious-diversity-us-business-muslim-hijab-discrimination-equal-employment-eeoc

(a) Darian (b) Satanic Temple unveils goat-headed statue in Detroit (c) Fox News (d) http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/07/26/for-one-night-devil-is-in-detroit.html

(a) Darian (b) Georgia Gov. Nathan Deal to veto 'religious liberty' bill (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/28/us/georgia-north-carolina-lgbt-bills/

(a) Mark Alison (b) Why the onslaught of religious freedom laws?, (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/06/us/religious-freedom-laws-why-now/

(a) Mark Alison (b) Conservative Christians Grapple With Whether 'Religious Freedom' Includes Muslims (c) NPR (d)  http://www.npr.org/2016/06/29/483901761/conservative-christians-grapple-with-what-religious-freedom-means-for-muslim\

3) Common Supporting Evidence

Among articles that framed an issue as religious discrimination often provided evidence that the issue violated human rights. For example, stories about religious discrimination that impacted minority groups such as Muslims and the LGBT community provided evidence that framed the opposition as a side that discriminated against said minority groups.

4) Descriptive and Injunctive Norms

The principle of "liking" was used in articles that discussed human rights. Because we are all human, authors framing the discussion as a human rights issue connects readers to the issue more.

In addition, appeals to authority were often made when articles referenced statements made by governments or politicians. Articles that framed an issue in the light of discrimination against Christians often cited comments made by politicians that supported their argument. Citing statements or positions made by politicians could also be an example of how authors used injunctive norms to support their argument.  

"Reciprocation" was also used in an article discussing evolution in which the author gave credibility to the opposition's argument that the theory violated their religious beliefs, but later opposed this argument. 

In another article discussing the transgender bathroom issue, the author used descriptive norms by citing the protests made by human rights advocates in support of their position on the issue.

5) Ontological Nature of Both Frames

In a thematic frame, articles discussing religious discrimination would often put a stronger emphasis on human rights and rights granted to them by the constitution than their right to specifically practice a religion of their choice. On the other side, articles that framed an issue as a right to religious freedom often specifically cited the First Amendment and the political support their side of the argument possessed. Both sides cited rights granted to them by either the constitution or a higher entity to support their frame.

6) Neutral Frame

A neutral frame discussing religious discrimination would need to first specifically define the terms "freedom" and "discrimination". "Discrimination" would need to be defined only as the belief that another group possesses a different set of rights than one's own group, and "freedom" would need to be defined as the belief that all groups possess the same rights. 

Other terms such as "human rights" or even just the term "rights" would need to be framed specifically in the light of rights granted by the constitution, a document that both sides cite in support of their arguments, e.g., "constitutionally-granted rights". 

 

1.     (a) Black Lives Matter vs All Lives Matter (b) Jeremy Hoffman, Jessica Briggs, Tony Brasch, Cale Meredith, Angel Helle

2.     (a) Tony Brasch (b) “Is black lives matter blowing it?” (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/us/black-lives-matter-blowing-it/

(a) Tony Brasch (b) “I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it’s hard for me to get behind black lives matter. (c) The Washington Post (d) https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/?utm_term=.be721da3dd0b

(a) Tony Brasch (b) “The real reason white people say ‘all lives matter’.” (c) The Huffington Post (d) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-halstead/dear-fellow-white-people-_b_11109842.html

(a)   Tony Brasch (b) “Why ‘all lives matter’ is such a perilous phrase” (c) The New York Times (d) http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/16/us/all-lives-matter-black-lives-matter.html?_r=0

(a) Jeremy Hoffman, (b) “Black Lives Matter partners with charity in a sign of growth” (c) Los Angeles Times (d) http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-black-lives-matter-charity-20160906-snap-story.html

(a) Jeremy Hoffman, (b) “Majority of young white people support Black Lives Matter: poll” (c) New York Daily News (d) http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/majority-young-whites-support-black-lives-matter-poll-article-1.2779291

(a) Jeremy Hoffman, (b) “'All Lives Matter' flap resolved at Texas school” (c) Fox News (d) http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/08/11/all-lives-matter-flap-resolved-at-texas-school.html

(a) Jeremy Hoffman, (b) “Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman explains why he stands by that All Lives Matter” (c) New York Daily News (d) http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/richard-sherman-explains-stands-lives-matter-article-1.2728272

Cale Meredith, “I was a civil rights activist in the 1960s. But it’s hard for me to get behind Black Lives Matter.”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/24/i-was-a-civil-rights-activist-in-the-1960s-but-its-hard-for-me-to-get-behind-black-lives-matter/?utm_term=.1f66900ee5a4

Cale Meredith, “How Black Lives Matter Uses Social Media to Fight the Power The Power, Wired, http://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/

Cale Meredith, “The Real Reason White People Say ‘All Lives Matter’”, The Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-halstead/dear-fellow-white-people-_b_11109842.html

Cale Meredith, “Student facing 50 day suspension for saying 'All Lives Matter’”, Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2016/08/03/student-facing-50-day-suspension-for-saying-all-lives-matter.html

A.) Jessica Briggs B.) As Human Beings, All Lives Matter C.) The Undefeated D.) http://theundefeated.com/features/richard-sherman-as-human-beings-all-lives-matter/

A.) Jessica Briggs B.) Donald Trump on Black Lives Matter Movement. C.) CNN D.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_u4QLK8R-E

A.) Jessica Briggs B.) Person of the Year 2015: Black Lives Matter C.) Times D.) http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2015-runner-up-black-lives-matter/

A.) Jessica Briggs B.) The Miseducation of the Black Lives Matter Movement C.) The Huffington Post D.) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/torri-stuckey/the-miseducation-of-the-b_b_8090224.html

A) NAME: Angel Helle B) TITLE: 5 Things You Need To Know About Black Lives Matter C) SOURCES: The Daily Wire. author, Amanda Prestigiacomo Prestigiacomo, Amanda. "5 Things You Need To Know About Black Lives Matter." Daily Wire. N.p., 2016. Web. 06 Sept. 2016.D) URL: http://www.dailywire.com/news/7353/5-things-you-need-know-about-black-lives-matter-amanda-prestigiacomo

A) NAME: Angel Helle B) TITLE: Three Terrible Days of Violence C) SOURCES: The New Yorker. author, Jelani Cobb Cobb, Jelani. "Three Terrible Days of Violence." The New Yorker. N.p., 2016. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. D) URL: http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/three-terrible-days-of-violence

A) NAME: Angel HelleB) TITLE: Watch: White Lives Matter Protesters March Outside Houston NAACP Offices C) SOURCES: bet.com, author, Rachel Herron@BET. "Watch: White Lives Matter Protesters March Outside Houston NAACP Offices." BET.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. D) URL: http://www.bet.com/news/national/2016/08/22/watch--white-lives-matter-protesters-march-outside-houston-naacp.html

A) NAME: Angel HelleB) TITLE: Rashad Turner Exits Black Lives Matter Movement C) SOURCES: ebony.com, author, Shantell E. JamisonRashad Turner Exits Black Lives Matter Movement." EBONY. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. D) URL: http://www.ebony.com/news-views/rashad-turner-black-lives-matter-movement#axzz4JV2BysCg

3.     Most of our articles in support of Black Lives Matter stressed communication, and spreading the word of the cause. They often discussed media and publicity, and how those effect the cause. With hashtags, twitter, and other forms of social media The Black Lives Matter movement was able to evolve. Many articles often discussed the history of injustices against African Americans, and how that has effected the movement today.

Most of our articles in support of All Lives Matter emphasized that their should be more sensitivity to all races, not just one. The articles came out against violent acts, and riots. Often they would talk about freedom of speech. They talked about unification, as opposed to creating violence between groups

4.     Of Cialdini’s 6 persuasive startegies, social proof, authority, and consistency can be seen in many articles supporting both Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter. The use of social media, strong figures, and the support of their followers, these strategies help develop the rhetoric. They also use descriptive and injunctive norms. Based on how society develops their views, it may persuade one to their beliefs. With injunctive norms, ones race, or culture, might place them in that group’s thinking.

5.     The Black Lives Matter movement started by looking at the injustices placed on African Americans, the mistreatment of citizens, and the want to show that black lives matters as well, after a number of killings. There view of the issue is that black lives matter as well, and should not be mistreated. All Lives Matter differs by looking at the riots, and the violence caused by the Black Lives Matter movement. They believe that all lives matter, and that one group shouldn’t be held in higher regard.

6.     In order to have a neutral frame for this topic, an article would have to be factual in their reporting and remove opinion from the piece. The issues between the Lives matter movements would be important. The article could discuss both sides, from injustices, and death from one movement, to the riots and violence of the other movement. A neutral frame would look at how to mend the two sides, without being one sided. Could take out key words like “all” and “black”

Framing Exercise

Framing Exercise

1. ‘Affluenza vs. Vehicular Manslaughter: Sarah Smith, Anfernee Bonds, Joshua Cantrell, Alexandra Williams

1. a.) Sarah Smith, b.) “The Sad Lessons of the “Affluenza” Teen,” c.) The New Yorker, d.) www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-sad-lessons-of-the-affluenza-teen

a.) Sarah Smith, b.) “Ethan Couch: Why People Might Be Too Quick to Dismiss ‘Affluenza.’ “ c.) Independent, d.) www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ethan-couch-why-people-might-be-too-quick-to-dismiss-affluenza-a6801271.html

a.) Sarah Smith, b.) “The Worst Parents Ever,” c.) dmagazine.com, d.) www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/2015/may/affluenza-the-worst-parents-ever-ethan-couch/

a.) Sarah Smith, b.) “No jail for ‘affluenza’ teen in fatal crash draws outrage,” c.) USA Today, d.) www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/05/no-jail-for-teen/5242173/

1. (a) Anfernee Bonds, (b) “'Affluenza': Is it real?” (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/12/health/affluenza-youth/index.html

2. (a) Anfernee Bonds, (b) “What psychiatrists think of the "affluenza" defense” (c) CBS (d) http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-psychologists-think-of-the-affluenza-defense/

3. (a) Anfernee Bonds, (b) “Floyd: Pity for Ethan Couch” (c) The Scoop Blog (d) http://thescoopblog.dallasnews.com/2016/01/floyd-pity-for-ethan-couch.html

4. (a) Anfernee Bonds, (b) “Teen Kills 4; Judge LITERALLY Lets Him Off Because He is Rich” (c) DAILY KOS (d) http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/11/1262005/-Teen-Kills-4-Judge-LITERALLY-Lets-Him-Off-Because-He-is-Rich

1.     (a) Joshua Cantrell (b) “Drink-Drive Killer Ethan Couch is 'Affluenza Victim', Rules US Judge” (c) International Business Times (d) http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethan-couch-prison-texas-teen-killed-4-529720

2.     (a) Joshua Cantrell (b) “Ethan Couch, Teen Drink Driver, Spared Jail Due To ‘Affluenza’ After Killing Four People” (c) The Huffington Post (d) http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/12/14/ethan-couch-teen-drink-driver-spared-jail-affluenza-_n_4443971.html

3.     (a) Joshua Cantrell (b) “Novice teenaged driver who struck and killed motorcyclist sentenced” (c) The Denver Post (d) http://www.denverpost.com/2015/04/03/novice-teenaged-driver-who-struck-and-killed-motorcyclist-sentenced/

4.     (a) Joshua Cantrell (b) “Man gets 4 years in fatal New Hyde Park Crash” (c) Long Island News 12 (d) http://longisland.news12.com/news/man-gets-4-years-in-fatal-new-hyde-park-crash-1.12078655

a) Alexandra Williams b) California Lawmaker Mike Gatto Introduces Bill Banning ‘Affluenza’ Defense c) The Huffington Post d)http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/16/mike-gatto-affluenza-bill_n_4610945.html

a) Alexandra Williams b) ‘Affluenza’ and the Miscarriage of Justice c) The Huffington Post d)http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rev-al-sharpton/affluenza-and-the-miscarriage-of-justice_b_4455301.html

a) Alexandra Williams b) Believe it or not, there are challenges to growing up wealthy c) CNN d)http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/08/health/affluenza-parenting-challenges-wealthy-households/

1. Alexandra Williams b) The Culture of Affluence: Psychological Costs of Material Wealth c)NCBI d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1950124/

3.) The most common supportive evidence on the defense and prosecution side, was the fact that the parents were neglectful, abusive, and reluctant to enforce discipline on Ethan Couch. 

4.) Out of the 6 ways to influence people, authority was prevalent in the majority of the articles. Several articles used psychiatrist’s opinions on ‘affluenza,’ either supporting the condition as a legitimate defense or disproving it as a viable defense. 

5.) Each side is viewing this issue in a different light. One is insisting that because Ethan Couch’s young age and the fact that he had never been punished prior to this tragedy,  he shouldn’t be held accountable for his crimes. However, the other side is insisting that lack of punishment and discipline in the Couch household is what led him to commit these crimes. In essence, the two sides differ in who should be held accountable for Ethan Couch’s actions. 

6.) A neutral frame would be an unbiased article detailing exactly what happened that night of the accident. The sides of the prosecution and the defense should be equally presented within the article to keep the article neutral.

1. Black Shooters vs. White Shooters
   Alex Glover, Lindsay Rance, Shane Lee, & Taylor Gibson
2. Articles
   

   1. Alex Glover, “Micah Johnson, Dallas Cop-Killer, Was Black Militant and Army Veteran” The Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/08/micah-johnson-dallas-cop-killer-was-black-nationalist.html
   2. Alex Glover, “Baton Rouge Cop Killer Gavin Long Was Nation of Islam” The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2016/07/17/baton-rouge-shooter-gavin-eugene-long-was-nation-of-islam-member-railed-against-crackers-on-youtube-channel-video/
   3. Alex Glover, “Dylann Roof’s Past Reveals Trouble at Home and School” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/us/charleston-shooting-dylann-roof-troubled-past.html?_r=0
   4. Alex Glover, “Colorado Batman Shooting Shows Obvious Signs of Being Staged” Natural News, http://www.naturalnews.com/036536_James_Holmes_shooting_false_flag.html
   5. Lindsay Rance, “Navy Yard gunman's doctor before rampage: ‘No problem there’” CBS News
   http://www.cbsnews.com/news/navy-yard-gunmans-doctor-before-rampage-no-problem-there/
   6. Lindsay Rance “Dylann Roof’s Past Reveals Trouble at Home and School” The New York Times
   http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/us/charleston-shooting-dylann-roof-troubled-past.html
   7. Lindsay Rance, “Before Gunfire, Hints of ‘Bad News’” The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/27/us/before-gunfire-in-colorado-theater-hints-of-bad-news-about-james-holmes.html
   8. Lindsay Rance “Mass Shooters Have A Gender and a Race” Political Research Associates
   http://www.politicalresearch.org/2014/06/19/mass-shooters-have-a-gender-and-a-race/#sthash.OK6kdANf.dpbs
   9. Lindsay Rance, “Who Committs Mass Shootings?” CNN http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/
   10. Shane Lee, “Adam Lanza’s Mental Problems ‘Completely Untreated” Before Newtown Shootings, Report Says” The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/22/nyregion/before-newtown-shootings-adam-lanzas-mental-problems-completely-untreated-report-says.html
   11. Shane Lee, “Why Diagnosing Adam Lanza Is a Problem” PBS NewsHour, (d) http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/why-diagnosing-adam-lanza-is-a-problem/
   12. Shane Lee, “Dead Baton Rouge shooter attacked police on his birthday” CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/baton-rouge-police-shooting-suspects-information/
   13. Shane Lee, “Baton Rouge shooting: 3 officers dead; shooter was Missouri man, sources say” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/17/us/baton-route-police-shooting/

   14. Taylor Gibson, “Charleston church shooting: Who is Dylann Roof?” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/charleston-church-shooting-suspect/

   15. Taylor Gibson, “Michigan Courthouse Shooter School Volunteer” USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/07/21/michigan-courthouse-shooter-school-volunteer/87396130/
   16. Taylor Gibson, “Dallas Shooter Military Record” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/14/politics/dallas-shooter-military-record/index.html
   17. Taylor Gibson, “Baton Rouge Gunman’s Manifesto Describes Actions As Necessary Evil” Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/07/20/baton-rouge-gunmans-manifesto-describes-actions-as-necessary-evil.htm
3. What is the most common supporting evidence used by both sides?
1. Black Shooters: Reinforcing racial stereotypes, “perfectly fine and nothing wrong mentally,” always linked back to Black Lives Matter or a hate group/gang.
2. White Shooters: Depicted as being brainwashed not in their own mind, or they are labeled as a lonely child with a disturbed home life.
4. Does any article use Cialdini’s 6 persuasive strategies?
1. Social Proof: The news tells readers what to think about the shooters, and manipulates the information to fit their narrative or bias. So when readers search for specific information, they're fed the racial stereotypes and bias held by the news corp.
2. Authority: A credible source (ex: doctors and psychiatrists) inform readers about the mental state of the shooter, typically clearing the health of black shooters while giving a disturbed mental image to the white shooters. Viewers typically trust TV figures such as news anchors, who can further manipulate the public image of the shooters.
3. Descriptive Norms: People are more easily accepting when it’s a black shooter because the media reinforces the idea that African American males are more likely to be prone to gun violence.
5. What is the ontological nature of both frames?
1. Black shooter core: Usually the individual or a hate group to blame.
2. White shooter core: Usually mental health or their upbringing to blame.
6. If you were to write a news article on the topic, what would a “neutral frame” look like?
1. Remove race to eliminate bias, ignore their upbringing/past unless it’s directly relevant, do NOT name the shooter, and instead focus on the general event and victims.